'Sociology Definitions\r'

' enculturation: All that human beings mark off to do, to use, to produce, to know, and to believe as they grow to maturity and do it out their lives in the social groups to which they belong. Culture outrage: The reaction battalion may have when encountering pagan traditions different from their consume. Culture Universal: Forms or patterns for solvent the common, basic, human problems that atomic number 18 found in completely cultures. Culture universals include the division of labor, the incest taboo, marriage, the family, rites of passage, and ideology. Material Culture: All the things human beings make and use, from small handheld tools to skyscrapers.\r\nNon-Material Culture: The totality of knowledge, beliefs, value, and rules for appropriate behavior that specifies how people should interact and how people may solve their problems. Norms: item rules of behavior that are agreed upon and ploughshared inside a culture to prescribe limits of acceptable behavior. Mores: powerfully held norms that usually have a moral intension and are based on the central values of the culture. Folkways: Norms that permit a rather wide level of individual interpretation as long as certain limits are not overstepped. Folkways change with period and vary from culture to culture.\r\nIdeal Norms: Expectations of what people should do low perfect conditions. The norm that marriage testament last â€Å"until death do us destiny” is an ideal norm in American society. historical Norms: Norms that allow for differences in individual behavior. Real norms designate how people actually behave, not how they should behave under ideal circumstances. Value: A culture’s general orientations toward invigoration; its notion of what is good and bad, what is lovable and undesirable. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: A hypothesis that argues that the language a person uses determines his or her perception of reality.\r\nCultural lapse: A situation that develops when new pa tterns of behavior battle with traditional values. Cultural lag can eliminate when technological change (material change) is more rapid than are changes in norms and values (nonmaterial pagan). Subculture: The distinctive lifestyles, values, norms, and beliefs of certain segments of the universe of discourse within a society. Types of subcultures are religious, age, regional, deviant, occupational. Rites of Passage: interchangeable rituals that mark the transition from one stage of life to an separate.\r\nWays that Culture is transmitted- Mechanism of Cultural Change-Diffusion: The doing of cultural traces from one culture to another. Reformulation: A trait is modified in well-nigh way so that it fits better in its new context. Innovation: whatever practice or tool that becomes widely trustworthy in a society. Selectivity: A process that defines some aspects of the world as important and others as unimportant. Selectivity is reflected in the vocabulary and grammar of langu age. Taboo: A sacred prohibition era against touching, mentioning, of looking at certain objects, acts, or people.\r\n figure: Objects that represents other things. Unlike signs, symbols need not share ant of the qualities of whatever they represent. Ethnocentrism: The tendency to judge other cultures in terms of one’s own customs and values. Cultural Relativism: The positions that social scientists doing cross-cultural seek should view and analyze behaviors and customs within the cultural context in which they occur. Ideology: A site or interrelated religious or temporal beliefs, values, and norms justifying the pursuit of a given set of goals done a given set of means.\r\n'